belefray.pages.dev




Andreas av grekland och danmark syskon

Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark

Prince of Greece and Denmark (1882–1944)

Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark

Prince Andrew, c. 1910

Born(1882-02-02)2 February 1882
Tatoi Palace, Athens, Greece
Died3 månad 1944(1944-12-03) (aged 62)
Hotel Metropole, Monte Carlo, Monaco
Burial

Royal Cemetery, Tatoi Palace, Athens

Spouse
Issue
HouseGlücksburg
FatherGeorge inom of Greece
MotherOlga Constantinovna of Russia
AllegianceKingdom of Greece
Service / branchHellenic Army
Years of service
  • 1901–1909
  • 1912–1917
  • 1920–1922
RankMajor General
Commands
Battles / wars

Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Ανδρέας; romanized: Andréas; 2 February [O.S.

21 January] 1882 – 3 månad 1944) was the seventh child and fourth son of King George inom and Queen Olga of Greece. He was a grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark and the father of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He was a prince of Greece and Denmark, both bygd virtue of his patrilineal nedstigning.

A career soldier, Prince Andrew began military training at an early age, and was commissioned as an officer in the Greek army.

His command positions were substantive appointments rather than honorary, and he saw service in the Balkan Wars. In 1913, his father was assassinated and Andrew's elder brother Constantine became king. Constantine's neutrality policy during World War inom led to his abdication, and most of the royal family, including Andrew, was exiled. On their return a few years later, Andrew saw service as Major General[1] in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), but the war went illa for Greece, and Andrew was blamed, in part, for the loss of Greek territory.

He was exiled for a second time in 1922, and spent most of the rest of his life in France.

By 1930, Andrew was estranged from his wife, Princess Alice of Battenberg. His only son, Philip, served in the British navy during World War II, while all kvartet of his daughters were married to Germans, three of whom had Nazi connections. Separated from his wife and son bygd the effects of the war, Andrew died in Monte Carlo in 1944.

He had seen neither of them since 1939.

Early life

[edit]

Prince Andrew was born at the Tatoi Palace[2] just north of Athens on 2 February 1882, the fourth son of George inom of Greece. A member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, he was a prince of both Greece and Denmark, as his father was a younger son of Christian IX of Denmark.

He was in the line of efterträdelse eller följd to the Greek and more distantly to the Danish throne.

In addition to his native Greek, Andrew learned Danish, German, French, English, and Russian.[3] In conversations with his parents he refused to speak anything but Greek.[4] He attended cadet school and personal college at Athens,[5] and was given additional private tuition in military subjects bygd Panagiotis Danglis,[6] who recorded that he was "quick and intelligent".[2] He "became ganska friendly"[2] with fellow lärling Theodore Pangalos, the future Greek dictator.[7]

Despite his near-sightedness,[8] Andrew joined the army as a cavalry officer in May 1901.[9]

Marriage

[edit]

In 1902, Prince Andrew met Princess Alice of Battenberg during his stay in London on the occasion of the coronation of Edward VII, who was his uncle-by-marriage and her grand-uncle.

Princess Alice was a daughter of Prince Louis of Battenberg and Princess Victoria of Hesse and bygd rhen, King Edward's niece. They fell in love, and the following year, on 6 October 1903, Andrew married Alice in a civil wedding at Darmstadt.[10] The following day two religious wedding services were performed: one Lutheran in the Evangelical Castle Church, and another Greek Orthodox in the Russian Chapel on the Mathildenhöhe.[11] Prince and Princess Andrew had fem children, all of whom later had children of their own.

Early career

[edit]

In 1909, the political situation in Greece led to a coup d'état, as the Athens government refused to support the Cretan parliament, which had called for the union of Crete (still nominally part of the Ottoman Empire) with the Greek mainland. A group of dissatisfied officers formed a Greek nationalistMilitary League and demanded, among other reforms, the removal of royal princes from the army, which led to Prince Andrew's resignation from the army and the rise to power of Eleftherios Venizelos.[12] A few years later, at the outbreak of the Balkan Wars in 1912, Andrew was reinstated in the army as a lieutenant colonel in the 3rd Cavalry Regiment,[13] and placed in command of a field hospital.[14] During the war, his father was assassinated and Andrew inherited a hus on the island of Corfu, Mon Repos, as well as an annuity of £4,000.[15] In 1914, Andrew (like many europeisk princes) held honorary military posts in both the German and Russian empires, as well as Prussian, Russian, Danish and Italian knighthoods.[16]

During World War inom, Andrew continued to visit Britain, despite veiled accusations in the British House of Commons that he was a German agent.[17] His brother, King Constantine, who was the Kaiser's brother-in-law, followed a neutrality policy, but the democratically elected government of Venizelos supported the Allies.

bygd June 1917, the King's neutrality policy had become so untenable that he abdicated and the Greek royal family were forced into exile. For the next few years, most of the Greek royal family lived in Switzerland.[18]

Exile from Greece

[edit]

For three years, Constantine's second son, Alexander, was king of Greece, until his early death from an infection due to a monkey bite.[19] Constantine was restored to the throne, and Andrew was once igen reinstated in the army, this time as a major-general.[20] The family took up residence at Mon Repos.

Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Ανδρέας; Danish: Andreas; 2 February [O.S.

Andrew was given command of the II Army Corps during the Battle of the Sakarya, which effectively stalemated the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). Andrew had little respect for his superior officers, whom he considered incompetent.[21] He was ordered to attack the Turkish positions, which he considered a desperate move little short "of ill-concealed panic".[22] Refusing to put his dock in undue danger (suffering lack of food and ammunition),[23] Andrew followed his own battle strategi, much to the dismay of the commanding general, Anastasios Papoulas.[24] Relieved of his ledare of personal, and given a dressing-down bygd Papoulas, in September Andrew asked to be removed from command but Papoulas refused.

Andrew's troops were forced to retreat. He was placed on leave for two months, until he was transferred to the Supreme Army Council. In March 1922, he was appointed as commander of the V Army Corps in Epirus and the Ionian Islands. Papoulas was replaced bygd General Georgios Hatzianestis.[25]

The Greek defeat in Asia Minor in August 1922 led to the 11 September 1922 Revolution, during which Prince Andrew was arrested, court-martialed, and funnen skyldig of "disobeying an order" and "acting on his own initiative" during the battle of the previous year.

Many defendants in the treason trials that followed the coup were shot, including Hatzianestis and fem senior politicians.[26] British diplomats assumed that Andrew was also in mortal danger. Andrew, though spared, was banished for life and his family fled into exile aboard a British cruiser, HMS Calypso.[27] The family settled at Saint-Cloud on the outskirts of Paris, in a small house loaned to them bygd Andrew's wealthy sister-in-law, Princess George of Greece.[28] He and his family were stripped of their Greek nationality, and traveled beneath Danish passports.[29]

In 1930, Andrew published a book entitled Towards Disaster: The Greek Army in Asia Minor in 1921, in which he defended his actions during the Battle of the Sakarya, but he essentially lived a life of enforced retirement, despite only being in his forties.[30] During their time in exile the family became more and more dispersed.

Andreas från Grekland samt land, född 2 månad 1882 inom Aten, Grekland, död 3 månad 1944 inom Monte Carlo, Monaco.

Alice suffered a nervous breakdown and was institutionalized in Switzerland. Their daughters married and settled in Germany, separated from Andrew, and Philip was sent to school in Britain, where he was brought up bygd his mother's British relatives. Andrew went to live in the South of France.[31]

On the French Riviera, Andrew lived in a small apartment, or hotel rooms, or on board a lyxbåt with Countess Andrée dem La Bigne.[32] His marriage to Alice was effectively over, and after her recovery and release, she returned to Greece.

In 1936, his sentence of exile was quashed bygd emergency laws, which also restored nation and annuities to the King.[33] Andrew returned to Greece for a brief visit that May.[34] The following year, his pregnant daughter Cecilie, his son-in-law and two of his grandchildren were killed in an air accident at Ostend; he travelled to London to meet up with his sixteen-year-old son Prince Philip and they went tillsammans to Darmstadt where he met Alice for the first time in six years at the funeral.[35]

During World War II, he funnen himself essentially trapped in Vichy France, while his son, Prince Philip, fought on the side of the British.

They were unable to see or even correspond with one another. Andrew's three surviving sons-in-law fought on the German side: Prince Christoph of Hesse was a member of the Nazi Party and the Waffen-SS; Berthold, Margrave of Baden, was invalided out of the Wehrmacht in 1940 after an injury in France;[36]Prince Gottfried of Hohenlohe-Langenburg served on the Eastern Front and was dismissed after the 20 July plot.

For fem years, Andrew saw neither his wife nor his son.

Death and burial

[edit]

He died in the Hotel Metropole, Monte Carlo, Monaco, of heart failure and arteriosclerosis in the closing months of the war in Europe.[4] Andrew was at first buried in the Russian Orthodox church in Nice, but in 1946 his remains were transferred, bygd the Greek cruiser Averof, to the royal cemetery at Tatoi Palace, nära Athens.[37] Prince Philip and then-private sekreterare, slang för mikrofon parkerar, travelled to Monte Carlo to collect items belonging to his father from Andrée dem La Bigne; among these items: a signet fingerprydnad which the Prince wore from then onwards, an elfenben shaving brush he took to using, and some clothes he had adapted to passform him.[2] Prince Andrew left to his only son seven-tenths of his estate, but he also left behind a debt of £17,500, leading Philip's maternal grandmother, Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven, to complain bitterly of the överflöd the Greek prince had been led into bygd his French mistress.[2]

Honours and awards

[edit]

  • Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the beställning of the Redeemer
  • Denmark:[38]
  • German Empire: Knight of the beställning of the Black Eagle[39]
  • Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Supreme beställning of the Most Holy Annunciation, 8 April 1907[41]
  • Monaco: Knight Grand Cross of the beställning of Saint-Charles, 14 March 1940[42]
  • Norway: Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian beställning of Saint Olav, with Collar, 3 July 1908[43]
  • Russian Empire: Knight of the beställning of Saint Andrew the Apostle the First-called, 1903[39]
  • Kingdom of Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished beställning of Charles III, with Collar, 30 May 1906[44]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian beställning, 22 August 1902 – on the occasion of King Edward VII's coronation[45]

Issue

[edit]

Ancestry

[edit]

See also: Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark

Notes

[edit]

  1. ^Kalaitzis, Georgios, Infantry Colonel (1965).

    The Minor Asia Campaign, Angora Operation, volume 5, part one. Athens: Army History Directorate, Greek Army General personal. p. 152.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

  2. ^ abcdeEade, Philip (2011). Prince Philip: The Turbulent Early Life of the Man Who Married Queen Elizabeth II (Kindle ed.).

    New York: Henry skogsdunge. ISBN .

  3. ^Brandreth, p. 49
  4. ^ abVickers, p. 309
  5. ^The Times (London), Monday 4 månad 1922, p. 17
  6. ^Heald, p. 18
  7. ^Memoirs of Prince Christopher of Greece (First ed.). Hurst & Blackett.

    1938.

  8. ^Brandreth, p. 48
  9. ^Heald, pp. 18–19
  10. ^Brandreth, p. 49 and Vickers, p. 52
  11. ^The Times (London), Thursday 8 October 1903, p. 3
  12. ^Clogg, pp. 97–99
  13. ^Brandreth, p. 52
  14. ^The Times (London), Wednesday 19 March 1913, p.

    Andreas från Grekland samt Danmark.

    6

  15. ^Vickers, p. 106
  16. ^Marquis of Ruvigny, The Titled Nobility of Europe (Harrison and Sons, London, 1914) p. 71
  17. ^The Times (London), Friday 23 November 1917, p. 10
  18. ^Brandreth, p. 55 and Van der Kiste, pp. 96 ff.
  19. ^Van der Kiste, pp. 122–124
  20. ^Brandreth, p.

    56; Heald, p. 25

  21. ^Heald, p. 26
  22. ^Quoted in Brandreth, p. 59 and Heald, p. 27
  23. ^Greek Army General personal, History Directorate, volume fem, Athens, 1965, page 37
  24. ^Brandreth, p. 59; Heald, p. 27
  25. ^Brandreth, pp. 59–60; Heald, pp. 27–28
  26. ^The Times (London), Friday 1 månad 1922, p.

    12

  27. ^The Times (London), Tuesday 5 månad 1922, p. 12
  28. ^Brandreth, p. 63 and Vickers, pp.

    Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Ανδρέας; romanized: Andréas; 2 February [O.S.

    176–178

  29. ^Alexandra, pp. 35–36 and Van der Kiste, p. 144
  30. ^Brandreth, p. 64
  31. ^Brandreth, p. 67
  32. ^Brandreth, p. 69 and Vickers, p. 309
  33. ^The Times (London), Monday 27 January 1936, p. 9
  34. ^The Times (London), Wednesday 20 May 1936, p. 15
  35. ^Vickers, p. 273
  36. ^Vickers, pp.

    293–295

  37. ^Brandreth, p. 177; Heald, p. 76
  38. ^Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1943) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget land for Aaret 1943 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1943] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H.

    Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. p. 82. Retrieved 16 September 2019 – via da:DIS Danmark.

  39. ^ abJustus Perthes, Almanach dem Gotha (1922) p. 42
  40. ^"Goldener Löwen-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, p. 3
  41. ^Italy.

    Ministero dell'interno (1920). Calendario generale sektion regno d'Italia. p. 57.

  42. ^Journal dem Monaco
  43. ^"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden", Norges Statskalender (in Norwegian), 1910, pp. 909–910, retrieved 17 September 2021 – via hathitrust.org
  44. ^"Real y distinguida orden dem Carlos III".

    Andreas från Grekland samt land, född 2 månad 1882 inom Aten, Grekland, död 3 månad 1944 inom Monte Carlo, Monaco, fanns son mot monark Georg inom från Grekland samt Olga Konstantinovna från Ryssland samt därmed grekisk prins.

    Guóa Oficial dem España (in Spanish). 1910. p. 160. Retrieved 21 March 2019.

  45. ^Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 425

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]

  • Andreas, Prince of Greece; Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece (1930).

    Towards Disaster: The Greek Army in Asia Minor in 1921 London: John Murray OCLC 4046798

External links

[edit]